NYSRPA v. Bruen (2022)

**New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen** is the 2022 U.S. Supreme Court decision that struck down New York's "may-issue" concealed-carry permit regime and established a new constitutional test for Second Amendment cases: laws restricting firearm rights must be consistent with the "text, history, and tradition" of firearm regulation at the time of the Founding. Bruen reset the legal landscape. The interest-balancing framework that lower courts had used since Heller — weighing the government's interest in a gun law against its burden on the right — was replaced with a historical-analogue test: the government must show a historical analogue for the restriction, not just a good reason for it. The decision produced a wave of civil litigation. Most state-level magazine bans, assault-weapons bans, and carry restrictions have since been challenged under Bruen; the lower-court record is mixed and still developing. Bruen is the defining 2A case of the current era.